PREPARATION
Good preparation is very important. Good preparation and planning will
give you confidence. Your audience will feel your confidence and have
confidence in you. This will give you control of your audience and of your
presentation.
Consider these points when preparing:
Objective
'Why am I making this presentation?'
Your objective should be clear in your mind.
Audience
'Who am I making this presentation to?'
How many people? Who are they? Business people? Professional people?
Political people? Experts or non-experts? A small, intimate group of 4
colleagues or a large gathering of 400 competitors?
Venue
'Where am I making this presentation?'
A small hotel meeting-room or a large conference hall? Facilities and
equipment? Seating arrangements?
Time and length
'When am I making this presentation and how long will it be?'
Will it be 5 minutes or 1 hour? Just before lunch, when the audience is
hungry, or just after lunch, when the audience is sleepy?
Method
'How should I make this presentation?'
Formal or informal? Lots of visual aids or only a few? With or without
anecdotes and humour?
Content
'What should I say?'
Include only relevant information. Create a title for your
presentation. The title will help you to focus on the subject. Prepare your
visual aids, if any.
Structure
Organise your presentation in a logical structure. Most presentations
are organised in three parts, followed by questions:
1 Introduction
-
welcome your audience
-
introduce your subject
-
explain the structure of your presentation
-
explain rules for questions
2 Body of presentation
-
present the subject itself
3 Conclusion
-
summarise your presentation
-
thank your audience
-
invite questions
+ Questions
Notes
Try to appear as spontaneous as possible. Do not read your
presentation. Reading a text is boring and will send your audience to sleep!
Use notes to remember everything you need to say. Some people make notes on
small, A6 cards. Some people write down just the title of each section of their
talk. Some people write down keywords to remind them.
Rehearsal
Practise your presentation two or three times so that you:
-
become more familiar with what you want to say
-
identify weaknesses in your presentation
-
can practise difficult pronunciations
-
can check the time that your presentation takes and
make any necessary modifications
EQUIPMENT
Your most important piece of equipment is YOU! Check your personal
appearance carefully.
Overhead Projector
The overhead projector (OHP) displays overhead transparencies (OHTs or
OHPTs). It has several advantages over the 35mm slide projector:
-
it can be used in daylight
-
the user can face the audience
-
the user can write or draw directly on the
transparency while in use
Whiteboard
The whiteboard is a useful device for spontaneous writing - as in
brainstorming, for example. For prepared material, the OHP may be more
suitable.
Duster
The duster is used for cleaning the whiteboard.
Markers
Markers are used for writing on the:
-
whiteboard (delible - you can remove the ink)
-
flipchart (indelible - you cannot remove the ink)
Flipchart
The flipchart consists of several leaves of paper that you 'flip'
(turn) over. Some people prefer the flipchart to the whiteboard, but its use is
limited to smaller presentations.
35mm Slide Projector
A slide projector must be used in a darkened room. Most slide
projectors take 35mm transparencies or slides, but projectors for 6x6cm slides
are also available.
Notebook Computer
The notebook computer is often used with an overhead projector, to
project an image from the computer screen onto the wall screen.
Handouts
Handouts are any documents or samples that you 'hand out' (distribute)
to your audience. It is not usually a good idea to distribute handouts before
your presentation. The audience will read the handouts instead of listening to
you.
DELIVERY
'Delivery' is the way in which you actually deliver or give your
presentation. Delivery is at least as important as content.
Nerves
Most speakers are a little nervous at the beginning of a presentation.
So it is normal if you are nervous. Pay special attention to the beginning of
your presentation. This is when you establish a rapport with your audience.
During this time, try to speak slowly and calmly. After a few moments, you will
relax and gain confidence.
Audience Rapport
You need to build a warm and friendly relationship with your audience.
Be careful to establish eye contact with each member of your audience. Each
person should feel that you are speaking directly to him or her.
Body Language
What you do not say is at least as important as what you do say. Your
body is speaking to your audience even before you open your mouth. Your
clothes, your walk, your glasses, your haircut, your expression - it is from
these that your audience forms its first impression as you enter the room.
Generally speaking, it is better to stand rather than sit when making a
presentation. Avoid repetitive and irritating gestures.
Cultural Considerations
If we imagine a German working for an Israeli company making a
presentation in English to a Japanese audience in Korea, we can see that there
are even many possibilities for cultural misunderstanding. Try to learn about
any particular cultural matters that may affect your audience. Cultural
differences can often be seen in body language. To a Latin from Southern France
or Italy, a presenter who uses his hands and arms when speaking may seem
dynamic and friendly. To an Englishman, the same presenter may seem unsure of
his words and lacking in self-confidence.
Voice quality
Your audience must be able to hear you clearly. In general, you should
try to vary your voice. Your voice will then be more interesting for your
audience. You can vary your voice in at least three ways:
-
speed: you can speak at normal speed, you can speak
faster, you can speak more slowly, and you can stop completely! Silence is a
very good technique for gaining your audience's attention.
-
intonation: you can change the pitch of your voice.
You can speak in a high tone. You can speak in a low tone.
-
volume: you can speak at normal volume, you can
speak loudly and you can speak quietly. Lowering your voice and speaking
quietly can again attract your audience's interest.
Visual aids
80% of what we learn is learned visually (what we see) and only 20% is
learned aurally (what we hear). This means that:
-
visual aids are an extremely effective means of
communication
-
non-native English speakers do not need to worry so
much about spoken English since they can rely more heavily on visual aids
It is important not to overload your audience's brains. Keep the
information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your audience time to
look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen
these visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them.
Without understanding there is no communication.
Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most
useful visual aids are charts and graphs.
Audience Reaction
Remain calm and polite if you receive difficult questions during your
presentation. If you receive particularly awkward questions, you can suggest
that the questioners ask their questions after your presentation.
LANGUAGE
Simplicity and Clarity
If you want your audience to understand your message, your language
must be simple and clear:
-
use short words and short sentences
-
do not use jargon, unless you know that your
audience understands it
-
talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas
-
use active verbs instead of passive verbs
Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful.
Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:
Sentence 1: Toyota sold two million cars last year.
Sentence 2: Two million cars were sold by Toyota last year.
Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more
powerful? Sentence 1 is active and Sentence 2 is passive.
Signposting
When you drive on the roads, you know where you are. Each road has a
name. Each town has a name. And each house has a number. You can look at the
signposts for directions. It is easy to navigate the roads. You cannot get
lost. But when you give a presentation, how can your audience know where they
are? They know because you tell them. Because you put up signposts for them, at
the beginning and all along the route. This technique is called 'signposting'
(or 'signalling').
During your introduction, tell your audience the structure of
your presentation, for example:
"I'll start by describing the current position in Europe. Then
I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. After that
I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly,
I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations."
A member of the audience can now visualise your presentation like this:
Introduction
-
welcome!
-
explanation of structure (now)
Body
-
Europe
-
Asia
-
Africa
Conclusion
-
summing up
-
recommendations
Throughout your presentation, put up signposts telling him which point
you have reached and where you are going now. When you finish Europe and want
to start Asia, you might say:
"That's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn now to
Asia."
When you have finished Africa and want to sum up, you might say:
"Well, we've looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and
Africa. I'd like to sum up now."
And when you finish summing up and want to give your recommendations,
you might say:
"What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..."
Here are some useful expressions to signpost the various parts of your
presentation.
Introducing the subject:
"I'd like to start by..."
"Let's begin by..."
"First of all, I'll..."
Finishing a subject:
"Well, I've told you about..."
"That's all I have to say about..."
"We've looked at..."
Starting another subject:
"Now we'll move on to..."
"Let me turn now to..."
"Next..."
Analysing a point and giving recommendations:
"Where does that lead us?"
"Let's consider this in more detail..."
"What does this mean for ABC?"
Giving examples:
"For example,..."
"A good example of this is..."
"As an illustration,..."
Dealing with questions:
"We'll be examining this point in more detail later on..."
"I'd like to deal with this question later, if I may..."
"I'll come back to this question later in my talk..."
Summarising and concluding:
"In conclusion,..."
"Right, let's sum up, shall we?"
"I'd like now to recap..."
Ordering:
"Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly..."
"First of all...then...next...after that...finally..."
"To start with...later...to finish up..."
THE
PRESENTATION ITSELF
Most presentations are divided into 3 main parts (+ questions):
-
Introduction
-
Body
-
Conclusion
As a general rule in communication, repetition is valuable. In
presentations, there is a golden rule about repetition:
"SAY WHAT YOU ARE GOING TO SAY, SAY IT, THEN SAY
WHAT YOU HAVE JUST SAID."
In other words, use the three parts of your presentation to reinforce
your message:
In the introduction, say what your message is going to be.
In the body, say your real message.
In the conclusion, say what your message was.
Introduction
Use the introduction to:
Welcome your audience:
"Good morning, ladies and gentlemen"
"Good afternoon, everybody"
Introduce your subject:
"My purpose today is to introduce our new range of..."
"I am going to talk about..."
Outline your structure:
"To start with I'll describe the progress made this year. Then
I'll mention some of the problems we've encountered and how we overcame them. After
that I'll consider the possibilities for further growth next year. Finally,
I'll summarise my presentation (before concluding with some
recommendations)."
Give instructions about questions:
"Please feel free to interrupt me if you have any questions."
"I'll try to answer any of your questions after the
presentation."
Body
The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well
prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and
confident.
The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty
of carefully spaced visuals.
Remember these key points while delivering the body of your
presentation:
-
do not hurry
-
be enthusiastic
-
give time on visuals
-
maintain eye contact
-
modulate your voice
-
look friendly
-
keep to your structure
-
use your notes
-
signpost throughout
-
remain polite when dealing with difficult questions
Conclusion
Use the conclusion to:
Sum up:
"In conclusion,..."
"I'd like to sum up now..."
Give recommendations:
"In conclusion, my recommendations are..."
"I would suggest / propose / recommend the following
strategy."
Thank your audience:
"Thank you for your attention."
"May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience."
Invite questions:
"Are there any questions?"
"Can I answer any questions?"
Questions
You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation,
or to keep a time for questions after your presentation. It's your decision,
and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all
questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. Sometimes you can
reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even
ask for comment from the rest of the audience.
REVIEW
In this seminar, you have learned:
-
to allow plenty of time for preparation
-
to ask the all-important questions: why? who? where?
when? how? what?
-
to structure your presentation into introduction,
body, conclusion and questions
-
to write notes based on keywords
-
to rehearse your presentation several times and
modify it as necessary
-
to select the right equipment for the job
-
to use equipment effectively
-
to make use of clear, powerful visual aids that do
not overload your audience
-
to use clear, simple language, avoiding jargon
-
to use active verbs and concrete facts
-
to explain the structure of your presentation at the
beginning
-
to link each section of your presentation
-
to signpost your presentation from beginning to end
-
to say what you are going to say, say it, and say
what you have just said
-
to overcome your nerves
-
to establish audience rapport
-
to be aware of your body language
-
to understand cultural differences
-
to control the quality of your voice
-
to maintain interest by varying the speed, volume
and pitch of your voice
-
to deal with listeners' questions politely
-
to respond to your audience positively
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HOMEWORK 
TEACHERS 